Saturday, April 16, 2011

Comments about Myth of Management

What every junior high student learns at some point: If you can't bedazzle them with brilliance, baffle 'em with bullshit!
#2  7:51 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Legion971
I did a CMS, DMS and finally an MBA back in 1995. I've seen two types of people come out of these courses, the first already had some industrial/manufacturing/commercial experience and used what they learnt to add to their existing skills, they become in my experience very effective managers. The other type has no real working experience, only uni, or other higher Ed. These types can talk well, and be very persuasive, but I've seen them wreck and close companies on more than one occasion. One came into a company I worked for and brown nosed into a very senior position, he then basically fired/made redundant anybody over 40 or not directly involved in the manufacturing process. At first it all looked good on paper, profits where up, but only because overheads where down. Then the problems started, and they had no one left who knew the product, or the process, they'd binned them all! wiped out the company's knowledge base. It then ended up in a death spiral, of lower productivity and constant cuts. It closed within 18 months of the MBA "golden balls" getting promoted. I jumped ship and started my own business. Don't think I could have done it without my CMS, DMS and MBA.
#3  7:55 AM, Apr 14  Reply
meerkat
The problem I have with this entire article is that the author, by his own admission, has never been to business school. He was a management consulting guy for a number of years and by his admission worked on large number of bullshit projects. And based on the enormous amount of BS he gets from what we can assume are his Ivy League MBAs, he points the finger at business school.
I will graduate business school in May with a degree in nonprofit management & spend plenty of time with "normal" MBAs. It is borderline absurd to claim that you don't learn anything in business school. I was a philosophy undergrad, and we never covered finance, accounting or marketing!
As he mentions, a biz school is a lot about skill building. The majority of the people I go to school with want to advance their careers, and be able to lead a team. They teach you how to do this through practice, review and case studies. Good luck getting honest feedback in the real world.
And, we don't read bullshit airport newsstand business books in class. We read a lot of case studies that force us to discuss as a class our opinions and solutions. Lots of times people are wrong and we talk about that. We don't read "10 Tips to Be a Great Manager"
Finally, I don't want to sound like a support everything about business school, there are plenty of insufferable assholes. But if you follow the classes and do your homework, you emerge understanding much more about yourself and how to be a good manager. Are you going to apply it? That's up to you!
In conclusion: boo hoo, I am sorry this guy chased the easy money, sold out, made bank and now has to throw someone under the bus to feel better about himself.
#4  8:15 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
In the process of earning my degree in Business I noted that many texts repeatedly stressed that morale is a major ingredient in a businesses success; I have come to realize through multiple experiences that morale is not even considered by many employers. "If you don't like it here you can quit" is the cry of management in places such as Qwest, US Bank and local utilities. Not just in these tough economic times but even before management prefers to rule with a scowl as opposed to a smile; this then reflects upon the treatment of the customer or public.
#5  8:16 AM, Apr 14  Reply
turn_self_off
"As students of philosophy know, Descartes dismantled the edifice of medieval thought by writing clearly and showing that knowledge, by its nature, is intelligible, not obscure."
If only there where not a growing group of people that live by being as obscure as possible...
#6  8:19 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
Cory, this is a really old and bad article, making obvious points about bad business education and management practice, kicking down open doors.
For your information, I don't even allow my students to use the term "core competencies" in class...
Espen
#7  8:20 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Nollind Whachell
It's important to note the differences between a leader and a manager and how are each needed in varying times. It's somewhat similar to specialists and generalists and how are each needed at varying times as well. Right now, it seems like we're beginning a transitional period where we need more leaders and generalists (risk takers that can adapt to changing times quickly), rather than managers and specialists (efficiency experts that optimize during stable times).
Books that cover these differences are "Finding Our Way" by Margaret J. Wheatley and "Paradigms" by Joel Arther Barker.
#8  8:29 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
I'm with Meerkat. The notion that one's MBA (or any degree or any life experience) is all that defines someone is shortsighted. Surely Dr. Stewart knows the power of rhetoric in any discipline, and surely he understands that one can use their communicative powers for good or for evil. But that's not what this is about. Business is about profiting for the good of its stakeholders - however they are defined - within the context of its values. Just as different people have different values, so do different businesses.
My undergrad degree is in communication studies, but it's not the reason for my extensive volunteer efforts, my love of humanity and my concern for the greater good. I certainly didn't go to college to learn how to be a compassionate human being (although in retrospect, it helped). But I'd like to think my MBA has helped translate these qualities into leadership roles that impact others in good and powerful ways. It does matter how we reach the bottom line, but no degree from any university in any discipline is responsible for that one.
#9  8:35 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to meerkat
Sounds like he touched a nerve, to me.
#10  8:39 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Boba Fett Diop
"Here are the Six Sigmas: Teamwork, Insight, Brutality, Male Enhancement, Handshakefulness, and Play Hard."
#11  8:49 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Brainspore
A pointless exercise!? Our last President had an MBA!
(Oh, right...)
#12  8:57 AM, Apr 14  Reply
davejenk1ns
Confession: I've spent most of my career in ecommerce management, which I would consider taking all the woo-speak of management and slathering on a completely new layer of technobabble meringue. People have asked me if I had my Master's degree, to which I responded "yes". Nevermind it wasn't an MBA (mine was Intl Politics).
The article resonates with me very much-- I can usualyl spot the MBA graduates in a meeting within the first 5 minutes by the level of colloquialisms and bland profit-seeking chakras that spill from their mouths. I've often tried to introduce statistical science or regression analysis to a problem, but those "solutions" often get rejected pretty quickly when they show ambiguous results or no clear answer. Managers are more than happy to "knuckle down" or "cowboy up" or "lead from the front" and "soldier on" to find some profits somewhere. There is very little science in management. From what I've seen, it's mostly about personality grooming.
#13  8:59 AM, Apr 14  Reply
millie fink
I disagree about heuristics--I think they CAN make you think.
#14  9:00 AM, Apr 14  Reply
jdollak
I saw a lot of similarity between both the business classes I took and the philosophy classes I took. Both wanted me to regurgitate what was covered in class, and would dock me for evaluating the usefulness of applying the idea to whatever was being discussed.
I found the Operations Research was by far the most scientific approach to solving management problems that I've ever seen, and somehow, it was only taught for people in computer majors.
#15  9:27 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to jdollak
sry bout your bad philosophy profs.
I'm struck by the naivety of stating that ethics and morality is a part of business: it's a part of business, because workers and consumers have forced the owners/management to not treat them quite so badly. A corporation has only one goal: profit. Ethics and morality are only a means to achieve that. Similarly, it's amusing to me that the writer brings up Kantian ethics, considering the treatment of workers is completely unethical in Kant's view. A person is an end in itself, for Kant. To treat them as a cog in the machine is to treat them as a means to profit, a profoundly unethical act. Not to mention all of the actions of the financial sector that most definitely do not follow the categorical imperative.
#16  9:41 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Keith in reply to Legion971
I jumped ship and started my own business. Don't think I could have done it without my CMS, DMS and MBA.
Sure you could have. The learning curve would have been a bit steeper but it would still be possible. A good friend of mine opened her own business--she has a bachelors degree in sports medicine and a masters in photography.
#17  10:08 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Nadreck in reply to meerkat
So basically you're making an "Emperor's New Clothes" sort of argument: begging the question by assuming that X has value and then using that assumption as the basis for your argument that criticisms of X are therefore invalid. You yourself admit that you haven't had a chance to try and apply this stuff in the real world, as opposed to the author who has seen people try and continuously fail, but assume that it can be done: boy, have you got a surprise waiting for you! It's this complete disrespect for operational experience that's at the core of the problems with the modern MBA. There are several local firms that have a policy of not hiring fresh MBAs because they'd rather other people taught them the basics of manners.
You say "Good luck getting honest feedback in the real world." If you can't get that, both from above and below, then you're doomed from the start. If there was just one thing taught in management schools it should be getting that feedback.
As it is there's a grotesque over-emphasis on accounting and finance: narrow technical skills which are the least important part of any manager's toolkit. If you need them at all, take a couple of night school courses and you're done. As it is the curriculum imbues a fetish for bad hard numbers over good soft numbers and judgement: which is the second biggest problem with MBA courses.
As an example, in project management you'll have to develop a project schedule based on asking specialists on how long it will take them to do something. They'll tell you something like "two days, maybe a little shorter if we're lucky or three days if we're not". The MBA throws away 90% of that information to dump "2 days" into his MicroSoft Project malware and that becomes a sacred promise to upper management. The only thing that you know for sure about "two days" is that it's a lie. The odds against it being finished in exactly two days is astronomical.
A real manager knows that he's just been given an extremely valuable probability distribution. A little bit of script-fu and you can merge the distributions for each sub-task into a project-wide distributions and track against that. However, that deals in ambiguity but, asdavejenk1ns points out, most MBA graduates deny the existence of ambiguity. This is how we get things like the abomination of the cubicle. You can write the cubicles off as "office furniture" faster than real walls so you get a "hard" benefit from them. The 20 to 30 percent drop in productivity due to using them is a "soft" number so it doesn't exist in the MBA's mind - only in reality.
#18  10:17 AM, Apr 14  Reply
turn_self_off
MBA and neo-classical economics both appear to be more religion then science, as both discard any observations that do not fit the established doctrine.
#19  10:39 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Mark Crummett
Current events seems to indicate that many business people have their morality and ethics surgically removed as they get promoted.
#20  10:49 AM, Apr 14  Reply
penguinchris
Funny comments from the MBAs! Somehow, the nonsense here is ridiculously obvious only to everyone else - it's only MBAs who believe in the kind of stuff MBAs do. How did we let ourselves get into this situation, where clueless MBAs run things?
I have no problem admitting that many of the details of the "business side" of a business baffle me. To me, a business should be about its end products, not the business itself, which is how MBAs seem to treat things. But then I guess I am a bit of a socialist, and I don't believe in profits being above all things!
Businessmen in my eyes are like the bad side of Wall Street - leeching middlemen who don't produce anything.
#21  10:52 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to Nadreck
Nadreck, I take it that you don't have an MBA either?
As a reluctant MBA student (I'd rather be doing an MFA in sculpture or perhaps a MSc in statistics but personal and career circumstances require otherwise) I can say that the explicit aim of the program I am in is to teach people how to build and work in teams. The 'grotesque over-emphasis on accounting and finance' you speak of does not exist - the technical bits are by far the most difficult for some and by their nature are ripe for comparison against other disciplines' 'weeder' subjects.
As someone who spent the past ten years swearing that I'd never be 'like that' & get an MBA, I'm very pleasantly surprised at the way my program addresses social responsibility & innovation, and I'm genuinely impressed with the character of most of my classmates & teammates.
Also; "most MBA graduates deny the existence of ambiguity"? That's just ridiculous. It's one thing to call out ambiguous findings as useless; entirely another to "deny the existence of ambiguity", whatever that's supposed to mean.
#22  10:53 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to Mark Crummett
Or is it just that the people whose senses or morality and ethics are intact don't care to get into management?
#23  11:17 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to Keith
"sure you could have"
Psh. Yeah. Having an MBA was a detriment. It's not like *that* many new businesses fail..
#24  11:28 AM, Apr 14  Reply
bcsizemo
Stereotyping.
People are given them for a reason. Usually enough people in a particular group exhibit a similar trait, usually one that is not look favorably upon.
If you are not familiar with the concept, you can always start at the bottom of the barrel - 4chan.
#25  11:30 AM, Apr 14  Reply
meerkat in reply to Nadreck
Ha, I am actually getting my MBA through evening classes so I am certainly experiencing how classroom learning fits into the work environment. The average age of my cohort was about 28 - that is at least 6 years of work experience - so I think your local businesses would be just fine.
It is pretty silly to demonize MBAs in general - there are about 250k enrolled every year. You really think all 250k are going to turn into little Portarian quipping drones, spreading 5 Forces and 6 Sigma into everyone's spreadsheets?
Or maybe there are plenty of people that are interested in learning how to do their jobs better, get MBAs and become better managers? Before you start sharpening your pitchforks, you should educate yourself on what coursework this degree actually entails. The "grotesque" overemphasis on finance and accounting = one required class of each, OH NOES!
And then there are a bunch of unethical crooks and idiots that we can read about in the WSJ that ruin business, governments, etc. Would they still be crooks and idiots without MBAs? Yes. 
#26  11:45 AM, Apr 14  Reply
Gawain Lavers
As students of philosophy know, Descartes dismantled the edifice of medieval thought by writing clearly and showing that knowledge, by its nature, is intelligible, not obscure.
Um, like Heidegger?
#27  12:17 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Jeffrey McGrew in reply to Anonymous
It's a common refrain that 'the only goal of a corporation is profit'.
While that is certainly true of many corporations, it's actually not always the driving force behind all corporations, and I feel that it's a gross oversimplification.
For example, I run a small design-build firm with my wife. We make awesome interiors. We're a corporation, but we're only that because we have to be due to legal reasons for my Architect's licence and the services we offer. Otherwise we'd be an LLC, like we were before I got my licence.
Our main goal is pretty much to build a company that gives us the lives we want. 'Profit' in this context also includes things like personal freedom and being able to choose what we do with our lives. Which, as I get older, and see friends getting progressively more bitter about their day jobs, seems like a pretty good goal.
We certainly focus on profits, sure, we have to. But our passon that drives us to do what we do isn't solely based upon that. If we just wanted to maximize profit, I'd be better off dropping architecture, closing up our business, learning javascript, and getting some programming job instead.
You might think it's just because we're small. But even many really large corporations have a primary focus on being awesome at something, so that they can make profit. Not the other way around.
I read this book, and as a small business owner it was fantastic. It totally changed the way I approach other business books (for the better) and really made me think a lot.
Business is an art and a science, and frankly I think a lot of what's out there for business totally forgets the science part, or worse, uses it poorly to back an agenda that is based more upon worldview of the author than upon any sort of actual logical conclusions...
#28  12:43 PM, Apr 14  Reply
EH in reply to Jeffrey McGrew
Nice try. "Physician, heal thyself."
#29  1:18 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to EH
"Nice try. "Physician, heal thyself.""
I can tell you're trying to be snarky, but I honestly don't get what you're implying.
I guess your comment would apply quite nicely to someone running a consulting business, as in consultant::business as doctor::patient, but that's not the case here. In this case, you may as well be saying "patient, heal thyself.."
Or am I not getting some random meme?
#30  1:29 PM, Apr 14  Reply
double_tilly
Interesting topic. I am disturbed by the idea posited above that business exists solely for profit. At one point in history, I believe there was a strong imperative that corporations were allowed to exist for the primary purpose of creating a social benefit.
In general, the mythology surrounding notions of business and commerce is fascinating. Upper management and PR departments seem hell bent on spinning positive messages about their specific businesses, and there seems to be a lot of positive messaging about business in general. But the reality is that companies rise and fall all the time, they have life cycles and life spans. I am sometimes disgusted with my own company's consistent aggressiveness when it comes to goal setting. When the whole economy is in the shit can (which, combined with several other factors, hit my industry particularly hard), why do we keep setting ridiculous revenue goals?
I read a quote by I believe the creator (?) of Barbie. She said that any old idiot can manage a company when it's on its way up, but it takes real talent to manage a company that is on its way down. But how often do we hear about a company on its way down? No company will ever admit to be shrinking, they'd much rather start in with the spin. And then there a few whispers about bankruptcy, and then a month later they are filing. They should have known years in advance that they were heading for bankruptcy. With all these highly educated MBAs running things, shouldn't most companies know they are heading for bankruptcy well in advance? Yes there are accidents and unforeseen circumstances, but often times the technological/cultural changes that affect companies to the point of bankruptcy are like freakin' giant, slow, inevitable icebergs that should be acknowledged and dealt with rather than freakin' spun around.
#31  1:42 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
My experience with MBA's parallels my experience working with engineers (civil, mechanical, agricultural, electrical, etc). The best ones spent time "in the trenches" either during the summer break or before starting college. Gave them a better appreciation of what work was really like, gave them credit with the others, and let them get a taste to decide if this was what they REALLY wanted to do and study. Many found out they didn't like it and avoided spending 4+ years on the wrong track
#32  2:39 PM, Apr 14  Reply
meatpigeon
"M.B.A.s have taken obfuscatory jargon--otherwise known as bullshit--to a level that would have made even the Scholastics blanch. As students of philosophy know, Descartes dismantled the edifice of medieval thought by writing clearly and showing that knowledge, by its nature, is intelligible, not obscure."

Well, philosophy isn't really innocent of that. In fact, I'd say it's just as full of meaningless terms and self-reference as the worst corporate doublespeak. Especially nowadays when everyone and their mom is into postmodernism.
Zizek, Foucault, Derrida, Baudrillard, Debord all use an embarrassingly huge amount of meaningless vocabulary and philosophical jargon that obscures and broadens their message. Many academics love that stuff because, like any other group-slang, it makes them feel superior and/or different and/or separate from mainstream society.
David Foster Wallace is the only recent author whose philosophy writing is truly free of bullshit.
#33  2:55 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
I've read this before. I'm an MBA graduate but I did it more to understand the globalisation enemy than anything else... I did a further semester of journalism and media studies as a specialisation and i had previously completed a Bachelor of Computing... both degrees I earned an average mark of just on 80% across everything.
First, to qualify into the MBA program that I entered at the University of Tasmania I needed to prove 7 years business experience if you didn't already have a business degree. But also, the curriculum isn't just management subjects - only about 1/3 are management and the rest are statistics, law, economics and a few finance units plus electives. Which makes me realise how little this author understood the MBA. It's like me saying I'm an engineer and know all about engineering from reading the text books (or computing for that matter). All formal educations are simply about creating a standardised product - doctor, psychologist, whatever - with their own industry jargon and culture.
The good PhD in Philosophy, a branch of academia with waffle coming out it's backside (I might add), has pushed what we called in the old days 'corporate speak' into the MBA graduate's repertoire of skills. No, don't forget that's a facet of all large (particularly public) organisations and not just the MBAs. Also, there are people who do the MBA and just pass and there are those who get it.
Here's a question... as a standardised product to train middle managers in a globalised world the good PhD doesn't think they need ethics training, mocking the 'categorical imperative'? Now that is a scary thing. Unfortunately ethics training is proven to have an impact regardless of which organisation this guy worked in.
And that's the crux. It's really an exit rant from a PhD who thought he was beyond the position that he left to return to the PhD... because a man only needs to understand and read the classics of literature to run globalised companies. I'm calling bullshit on that one.
Porters 5 Forces may be lame but if you aren't forcing yourself to look laterally when you are steering a multi-billion dollar company's entry into a foreign market then WTF? He doesn't believe in strategic management? Phone Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, or whatever and ask them what they think of that one? Because what the doctor proposes 'on top of a small seed of populist driven truth' is that strategy isn't important. He would run businesses like a household, on a wing and a prayer.
The article itself showed this guy went to meetings where he intentionally and proudly undermined other business consultants when they showed their ideas to the client, siding in a mocking position with the client. Does that give anyone a signal? Now why isn't he a management consultant anymore?
Sorry, but this article has had a little too much traction not to have a close pick at the weak points. Apologies for the lack of waffle that you were obviously expecting from an MBA graduate with a Bachelor of Computing and a bunch of industry IT certification in web technologies.
Regards
Steven Clark
#34  2:59 PM, Apr 14  Reply
MattB
Financial Times had an article this week about how people are willing to travel thousands of miles one weekend a month for executive MBA programs and pay ungodly tuition fees for the privilege.
The take-home lesson for me was that the primary goal of enrolling in EMBA programs is to meet and make business contacts other people with enough money to blow on an otherwise pointless exercise. The 2nd order point of EMBA is to get the name of a fancy school on your CV.
#35  3:09 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
I should also add that business jargon is an essential part of being a business professional... imagine if some doctor couldn't talk to doctors in the 'proper words'. There is patient talk and doctor talk (jargon). It sounds like from day one the PhD in philosophy went from being 'know it all in his field' to playing catchup with old management text books to understand the jargon. That would have been a big ego hit at the time and probably the fuel behind much of his article.
It's not the MBA program that you should be concerned about but what 'some people' do with it.
#36  3:13 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to meatpigeon
I would go further and say that the 'obfuscatory jargon' we're talking about isn't actually that: it may be difficult for an outsider to comprehend, and some of the insiders may be driveling idiots, but the terms themselves genuinely have specific, if contrived, meaning that necessarily exists to describe complex scenarios (which may or may not be legitimate representations of reality).
I say if you want to find obfuscation, look at anyone in marketing or advertising. As someone with a B.Comm, I'm ashamed that they lump marketing in with us.
There's nothing wrong with the skills associated with marketing, but it's quite clear to me that ethics has no place in the advertising world. I find it surprising that people have such disdain for subjects that are, in effect, auditable (finance & accounting) while they let the 'soft' subjects walk right in and take a dump on their rug.
#37  3:14 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to MattB
By extension, then, what does that make those of us taking regular MBA programs at cheap schools? I'm curious as to your opinion, honestly.
#38  3:41 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon in reply to jdollak
Operations Research is also taught to Industrial Engineers as well.. And I do agree that Operations Research is a scientific way to solving problems..
#39  6:26 PM, Apr 14  Reply
hungryjoe
Here's my anecdote: I recently started a little side business so that I would have a slush-fund with which to buy tools and stuff. My educational background consists of an aborted English degree and a BS in Interior Architecture. When my little side business flukishly turned a profit and started to grow, I didn't know anything about accounting methods, planning for taxes, insurance, inventory management, etc. Enter my wife, whose educational background consists of a Bachelor's in Sociology and an MBA. She quickly and effortlessly sorted my small operation. She did this using the nuts and bolts of her MBA.
Ethics and management case studies are not the entirety of that degree. There's a good deal of valuable technical knowledge that also comes with it.
This article and a lot of the comments here are focused on a caricature of business, capitalism, and management training.
#40  8:03 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
half a dozen jobs across the range of work environments and a plethora of manager types, and MBA has become pretty damn interchangeable with "clueless profit driven boob"
The only one I met that was competent and gave a rat's arse about the employees had 15yrs experience at the bottom, and only got her MBA after getting into a managerial position.
#41  8:08 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
A lot of wounded egos in the comments above, I see.
It is worth reading the whole article (carefully, and maybe less self-defensively). The paragraph right after the excerpt answers many of the complaints above:
"The recognition that management theory is a sadly neglected subdiscipline of philosophy began with an experience of déjà vu. As I plowed through my shelfload of bad management books, I beheld a discipline that consists mainly of unverifiable propositions and cryptic anecdotes, is rarely if ever held accountable, and produces an inordinate number of catastrophically bad writers. It was all too familiar. There are, however, at least two crucial differences between philosophers and their wayward cousins. The first and most important is that philosophers are much better at knowing what they don’t know. The second is money. In a sense, management theory is what happens to philosophers when you pay them too much."
#42  11:27 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
To the previous anon... from the article quoted by you... "The first and most important is that philosophers are much better at knowing what they don’t know."
Mmm & yet in one gallant swoop he isn't aware what he doesn't know about the MBA program or a whole bunch of stuff. Let's just face it, the guy wrote a bit of a rant about management when it didn't work out for him and he went back to being an academic. There really isn't much more of a story than that.
I'd like to know the backstory on where this occurred (so he's only able to talk about 1 company not every company in the world - again knowing that he doesn't know stuff, right?) and that he had a specific set of circumstances that led to his leaving the job and returning to academia? Did his relationship break down? Was there conflict with another team member? Had he found it hard not to criticise other managers in client meetings? How were his performance reviews? Maybe he was about to be fired anyway, we just don't know. Somehow this guy because he has a phd in something is given the credibility of Moses - it's all just one spin from his perspective. So I'm just curious. Because nothing in there attests that this guy was ever the best manager in town, beyond his own arrogant blather. And to be honest I was surprised he picked up on crap from a Management 101 text for 1st year undergrads about Taylor's theories. Seriously?
So my theory is this guy has some sort of chip on his shoulder & this is his vent to the world so he can sleep at night. Great, I've read psychology books and I think the same about psychologists and therapists and I even hypothesise all they do at university is read the same cheap psychology books I trolled up 20 years ago. But that just makes me ignorant about psychology as a profession... because I actually do know what I don't know (to some extent). Unlike the PhD author who believes like many PhDs who bluff the world that they know about everything about everything.
Here's what a PhD is... you draw a circle, that's everything about a very specific subject... a question. Then draw a tiny bubble on the outside. That's their contribution to new knowledge 'about that question'. End of story. More people draw new little bubbles & so on over and over until their thesis just becomes reference material for new faces to step into PhD hats. A PhD in philosophy does not the omnipotent being bestow all wisdom. Please, keep this guy in context.
#43  11:44 PM, Apr 14  Reply
Anon
C'mon we all know a doctor who doesn't know his bum from his elbow or an IT graduate who couldn't program a VCR. Generalising about MBA graduates from all over the world in all types of business from all types of social positions is almost pointless. At best this is a heresay piece that many people buy into because it suits a pre-conceived notion of what they want to believe an MBA to be (or mean).
The buddha said 'All criticism is based on ignorance'.
#44  3:15 AM, Apr 15  Reply
Anon
A bit surprised at the number of negative comments. For a more sustained and thorough debunking of the tools taught in an MBA, via philosohy, see the black swan by Nassim Taleb. The book concentrates mainly on modelling risk but shows how the treatment of the various MBA tools as scientific and true denies the reality that the methods are consistently shown to be wrong. The biggest failure, for Taleb, is the ignoring of outliers, hence they never see the big crash coming.
I think there is a lot of common sense taught in an MBA but in certain aspects there is a little too much faith rather than critical thinking. Matthew Stewerts piece is interesting as it shows right from the birth of the discipline it made a grasp for authority, that continues to this day, when it adopted scientific language or mathematical models for attempts at, basically, fortune telling.
#45  6:55 AM, Apr 15  Reply
double_tilly
The science of business? Isn't there a sub-discipline of economics for that? 
#46  8:10 AM, Apr 15  Reply
turn_self_off
I get the impression that MBA is one part accounting, one part arm chair philosophy.
#47  8:23 AM, Apr 15  Reply
ciphin78
Let’s get my ‘pedigree’ out of the way before I comment, just so you know I have at least some credibility on this topic. Undergrad was a double major in Computer Science and Business Management then 10 years working as a programmer during which I did a Masters in Computer Information Systems. Note that my masters program was basically an MBA with a focus on the IT industry.
I will say this for my various stages/levels of higher education. My undergrad was mostly a waste of time. All of the semesters of programming courses could have been boiled down into a single semester of key programming principles. Which would still have left me equally as unprepared for the actual business world as I was. I didn’t even know enough to be dangerous. What I learned in my first job were these two things. I didn’t know jack-squat and I was about as important to my company as the post-it notes in the supply closet. The only thing my undergrad did was get me a pass into an entry-level job (which I’m not actually complaining about), but that’s the reality. Now, my masters was more of an exercise in critical thinking than anything else. Sure, we learned management theory, had discussions about case studies, and practiced project management. However, the actual value was then being able to recognize the jargon and BS in meetings, picking up on little moves the company made and being able to see what’s coming before it happened. And like my undergrad, it gave me a pass to enter into a different level of employment with more responsibility, pay, and risk. I boil higher education down to developing critical thinking skills and opening doors that would otherwise stay shut.
Managers are either great, good, or god-awful regardless of their level and/or type of education. It’s been my experience that great managers are born that way. They know how to take raw data and blend it with soft skills (a.k.a. being able to successfully interact with other humans) to create a realistic and logical road map for their team to follow. They know that changing their mind is not a bad thing if it makes sense and are open to suggestions from their team. The ability to collect raw data and successfully interact with humans has nothing to do with 6 Sigma, Steven Covey, Microsoft certifications, or any other BS program designed to steal your money and waste your time.
#48  2:31 PM, Apr 15  Reply
Anon in reply to Anonymous
You do realise all that paragraph really says is 'my school (philosophy) is better than their school (business)' and that 'my school knows what it doesn't know (which is blather)'. A very common academic stance on any university campus.
I am not sure but wasn't this three year gig his only job outside academia? And as a management consultant not a project manager, financial manager, human resource management manager, board member, CEO, resource manager, etc? So I guess he was a mere management consultant at one firm of one size in one place. Which is like saying all engineers are crap because some buildings fell over in Christchurch on a fault line one day.
I am also not completely sure that I understand the quality of a schoolyard taunt about bruised egos (above). Is that a technique to invalidate the case for anybody who disagrees? Bruised ego? I am left wondering whether a recent article was correct where they were discussing the university bubble - ploughing out degrees that are overvalued in ALL fields to far too many people to turn profits for the universities and faculties to grow. Because an odd relationship exists between faculties of philosophy and their economic success... look at any university and you can assess their academic cred via the number of philosophy PhDs on their staff. Go have a look, it's interesting. Start with Oxford, Harvard etc and move down to the less prestigious.
The PhD, after all, is no different a maligned mass produced product than the business graduate.

Friday, April 15, 2011

The Management Myth


The Management Myth

MOST OF MANAGEMENT THEORY IS INANE, WRITES OUR CORRESPONDENT, THE FOUNDER OF A CONSULTING FIRM. IF YOU WANT TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS, DON’T GET AN M.B.A. STUDY PHILOSOPHY INSTEAD
By Matthew Stewart
During the seven years that I worked as a management consultant, I spent a lot of time trying to look older than I was. I became pretty good at furrowing my brow and putting on somber expressions. Those who saw through my disguise assumed I made up for my youth with a fabulous education in management. They were wrong about that. I don’t have an M.B.A. I have a doctoral degree in philosophy—nineteenth-century German philosophy, to be precise. Before I took a job telling managers of large corporations things that they arguably should have known already, my work experience was limited to part-time gigs tutoring surly undergraduates in the ways of Hegel and Nietzsche and to a handful of summer jobs, mostly in the less appetizing ends of the fast-food industry.
The strange thing about my utter lack of education in management was that it didn’t seem to matter. As a principal and founding partner of a consulting firm that eventually grew to 600 employees, I interviewed, hired, and worked alongside hundreds of business-school graduates, and the impression I formed of the M.B.A. experience was that it involved taking two years out of your life and going deeply into debt, all for the sake of learning how to keep a straight face while using phrases like “out-of-the-box thinking,” “win-win situation,” and “core competencies.” When it came to picking teammates, I generally held out higher hopes for those individuals who had used their university years to learn about something other than business administration.
After I left the consulting business, in a reversal of the usual order of things, I decided to check out the management literature. Partly, I wanted to “process” my own experience and find out what I had missed in skipping business school. Partly, I had a lot of time on my hands. As I plowed through tomes on competitive strategy, business process re-engineering, and the like, not once did I catch myself thinking, Damn! If only I had known this sooner! Instead, I found myself thinking things I never thought I’d think, like, I’d rather be reading Heidegger! It was a disturbing experience. It thickened the mystery around the question that had nagged me from the start of my business career: Why does management education exist?
Management theory came to life in 1899 with a simple question: “How many tons of pig iron bars can a worker load onto a rail car in the course of a working day?” The man behind this question was Frederick Winslow Taylor, the author of The Principles of Scientific Management and, by most accounts, the founding father of the whole management business.
Taylor was forty-three years old and on contract with the Bethlehem Steel Company when the pig iron question hit him. Staring out over an industrial yard that covered several square miles of the Pennsylvania landscape, he watched as laborers loaded ninety-two-pound bars onto rail cars. There were 80,000 tons’ worth of iron bars, which were to be carted off as fast as possible to meet new demand sparked by the Spanish-American War. Taylor narrowed his eyes: there was waste there, he was certain. After hastily reviewing the books at company headquarters, he estimated that the men were currently loading iron at the rate of twelve and a half tons per man per day.
Taylor stormed down to the yard with his assistants (“college men,” he called them) and rounded up a group of top-notch lifters (“first-class men”), who in this case happened to be ten “large, powerful Hungarians.” He offered to double the workers’ wages in exchange for their participation in an experiment. The Hungarians, eager to impress their apparent benefactor, put on a spirited show. Huffing up and down the rail car ramps, they loaded sixteen and a half tons in something under fourteen minutes. Taylor did the math: over a ten-hour day, it worked out to seventy-five tons per day per man. Naturally, he had to allow time for bathroom breaks, lunch, and rest periods, so he adjusted the figure approximately 40 percent downward. Henceforth, each laborer in the yard was assigned to load forty-seven and a half pig tons per day, with bonus pay for reaching the target and penalties for failing.
When the Hungarians realized that they were being asked to quadruple their previous daily workload, they howled and refused to work. So Taylor found a “high-priced man,” a lean Pennsylvania Dutchman whose intelligence he compared to that of an ox. Lured by the promise of a 60 percent increase in wages, from $1.15 to a whopping $1.85 a day, Taylor’s high-priced man loaded forty-five and three-quarters tons over the course of a grueling day—close enough, in Taylor’s mind, to count as the first victory for the methods of modern management.
Taylor went on to tackle the noble science of shoveling and a host of other topics of concern to his industrial clients. He declared that his new and unusual approach to solving business problems amounted to a “complete mental revolution.” Eventually, at the urging of his disciples, he called his method “scientific management.” Thus was born the idea that management is a science—a body of knowledge collected and nurtured by experts according to neutral, objective, and universal standards.
At the same moment was born the notion that management is a distinct function best handled by a distinct group of people—people characterized by a particular kind of education, way of speaking, and fashion sensibility. Taylor, who favored a manly kind of prose, expressed it best in passages like this:
 … the science of handling pig iron is so great and amounts to so much that it is impossible for the man who is best suited to this type of work to understand the principles of this science, or even to work in accordance with these principles, without the aid of a man better educated than he is.
From a metaphysical perspective, one could say that Taylor was a “dualist”: there is brain, there is brawn, and the two, he believed, very rarely meet.
Taylor went around the country repeating his pig iron story and other tales from his days in the yard, and these narratives formed something like a set of scriptures for a new and highly motivated cult of management experts. This vanguard ultimately vaulted into the citadel of the Establishment with the creation of business schools. In the spring of 1908, Taylor met with several Harvard professors, and later that year Harvard opened the first graduate school in the country to offer a master’s degree in business. It based its first-year curriculum on Taylor’s scientific management. From 1909 to 1914, Taylor visited Cambridge every winter to deliver a series of lectures—inspirational discourses marred only by the habit he’d picked up on the shop floor of swearing at inappropriate moments.
Yet even as Taylor’s idea of management began to catch on, a number of flaws in his approach were evident. The first thing many observers noted about scientific management was that there was almost no science to it. The most significant variable in Taylor’s pig iron calculation was the 40 percent “adjustment” he made in extrapolating from a fourteen-minute sample to a full workday. Why time a bunch of Hungarians down to the second if you’re going to daub the results with such a great blob of fudge? When he was grilled before Congress on the matter, Taylor casually mentioned that in other experiments these “adjustments” ranged from 20 percent to 225 percent. He defended these unsightly “wags” (wild-ass guesses, in M.B.A.-speak) as the product of his “judgment” and “experience”—but, of course, the whole point of scientific management was to eliminate the reliance on such inscrutable variables.
One of the distinguishing features of anything that aspires to the name of science is the reproducibility of experimental results. Yet Taylor never published the data on which his pig iron or other conclusions were based. When Carl Barth, one of his devotees, took over the work at Bethlehem Steel, he found Taylor’s data to be unusable. Another, even more fundamental feature of science—here I invoke the ghost of Karl Popper—is that it must produce falsifiable propositions. Insofar as Taylor limited his concern to prosaic activities such as lifting bars onto rail cars, he did produce propositions that were falsifiable—and, indeed, were often falsified. But whenever he raised his sights to management in general, he seemed capable only of soaring platitudes. At the end of the day his “method” amounted to a set of exhortations: Think harder! Work smarter! Buy a stopwatch!
The trouble with such claims isn’t that they are all wrong. It’s that they are too true. When a congressman asked him if his methods were open to misuse, Taylor replied, No. If management has the right state of mind, his methods will always lead to the correct result. Unfortunately, Taylor was right about that. Taylorism, like much of management theory to come, is at its core a collection of quasi-religious dicta on the virtue of being good at what you do, ensconced in a protective bubble of parables (otherwise known as case studies).
Curiously, Taylor and his college men often appeared to float free from the kind of accountability that they demanded from everybody else. Others might have been asked, for example: Did Bethlehem’s profits increase as a result of their work? Taylor, however, rarely addressed the question head-on. With good reason. Bethlehem fired him in 1901 and threw out his various systems. Yet this evident vacuum of concrete results did not stop Taylor from repeating his parables as he preached the doctrine of efficiency to countless audiences across the country.
In the management literature these days, Taylorism is presented, if at all, as a chapter of ancient history, a weird episode about an odd man with a stopwatch who appeared on the scene sometime after Columbus discovered the New World. Over the past century Taylor’s successors have developed a powerful battery of statistical methods and analytical approaches to business problems. And yet the world of management remains deeply Taylorist in its foundations.
At its best, management theory is part of the democratic promise of America. It aims to replace the despotism of the old bosses with the rule of scientific law. It offers economic power to all who have the talent and energy to attain it. The managerial revolution must be counted as part of the great widening of economic opportunity that has contributed so much to our prosperity. But, insofar as it pretends to a kind of esoteric certitude to which it is not entitled, management theory betrays the ideals on which it was founded.
That Taylorism and its modern variants are often just a way of putting labor in its place need hardly be stated: from the Hungarians’ point of view, the pig iron experiment was an infuriatingly obtuse way of demanding more work for less pay. That management theory represents a covert assault on capital, however, is equally true. (The Soviet five-year planning process took its inspiration directly from one of Taylor’s more ardent followers, the engineer H. L. Gantt.) Much of management theory today is in fact the consecration of class interest—not of the capitalist class, nor of labor, but of a new social group: the management class.
I can confirm on the basis of personal experience that management consulting continues to worship at the shrine of numerology where Taylor made his first offering of blobs of fudge. In many of my own projects, I found myself compelled to pacify recalcitrant data with entirely confected numbers. But I cede the place of honor to a certain colleague, a gruff and street-smart Belgian whose hobby was to amass hunting trophies. The huntsman achieved some celebrity for having invented a new mathematical technique dubbed “the Two-Handed Regression.” When the data on the correlation between two variables revealed only a shapeless cloud—even though we knew damn well there had to be a correlation—he would simply place a pair of meaty hands on the offending bits of the cloud and reveal the straight line hiding from conventional mathematics.
The thing that makes modern management theory so painful to read isn’t usually the dearth of reliable empirical data. It’s that maddening papal infallibility. Oh sure, there are a few pearls of insight, and one or two stories about hero-CEOs that can hook you like bad popcorn. But the rest is just inane. Those who looked for the true meaning of “business process re-engineering,” the most overtly Taylorist of recent management fads, were ultimately rewarded with such gems of vacuity as “BPR is taking a blank sheet of paper to your business!” and “BPR means re-thinking everything, everything!”
Each new fad calls attention to one virtue or another—first it’s efficiency, then quality, next it’s customer satisfaction, then supplier satisfaction, then self-satisfaction, and finally, at some point, it’s efficiency all over again. If it’s reminiscent of the kind of toothless wisdom offered in self-help literature, that’s because management theory is mostly a subgenre of self-help. Which isn’t to say it’s completely useless. But just as most people are able to lead fulfilling lives without consulting Deepak Chopra, most managers can probably spare themselves an education in management theory.
The world of management theorists remains exempt from accountability. In my experience, for what it’s worth, consultants monitored the progress of former clients about as diligently as they checked up on ex-spouses (of which there were many). Unless there was some hope of renewing the relationship (or dating a sister company), it was Hasta la vista, baby. And why should they have cared? Consultants’ recommendations have the same semantic properties as campaign promises: it’s almost freakish if they are remembered in the following year.
In one episode, when I got involved in winding up the failed subsidiary of a large European bank, I noticed on the expense ledger that a rival consulting firm had racked up $5 million in fees from the same subsidiary. “They were supposed to save the business,” said one client manager, rolling his eyes. “Actually,” he corrected himself, “they were supposed to keep the illusion going long enough for the boss to find a new job.” Was my competitor held to account for failing to turn around the business and/or violating the rock-solid ethical standards of consulting firms? On the contrary, it was ringing up even higher fees over in another wing of the same organization.
And so was I. In fact, we kind of liked failing businesses: there was usually plenty of money to be made in propping them up before they finally went under. After Enron, true enough, Arthur Andersen sank. But what happened to such stalwarts as McKinsey, which generated millions in fees from Enron and supplied it with its CEO? The Enron story wasn’t just about bad deeds or false accounts; it was about confusing sound business practices with faddish management ideas, celebrated with gusto by the leading lights of the management world all the way to the end of the party.
If you believed our chief of recruiting, the consulting firm I helped to found represented a complete revolution from the Taylorist practices of conventional organizations. Our firm wasn’t about bureaucratic control and robotic efficiency in the pursuit of profit. It was about love.
We were very much of the moment. In the 1990s, the gurus were unanimous in their conviction that the world was about to bring forth an entirely new mode of human cooperation, which they identified variously as the “information-based organization,” the “intellectual holding company,” the “learning organization,” and the “perpetually creative organization.” “R-I-P. Rip, shred, tear, mutilate, destroy that hierarchy,” said über-guru Tom Peters, with characteristic understatement. The “end of bureaucracy” is nigh, wrote Gifford Pinchot of “intrapreneuring” fame. According to all the experts, the enemy of the “new” organization was lurking in every episode of Leave It to Beaver.
Many good things can be said about the “new” organization of the 1990s. And who would want to take a stand against creativity, freedom, empowerment, and—yes, let’s call it by its name—love? One thing that cannot be said of the “new” organization, however, is that it is new.
In 1983, a Harvard Business School professor, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, beat the would-be revolutionaries of the nineties to the punch when she argued that rigid “segmentalist” corporate bureaucracies were in the process of giving way to new “integrative” organizations, which were “informal” and “change-oriented.” But Kanter was just summarizing a view that had currency at least as early as 1961, when Tom Burns and G. M. Stalker published an influential book criticizing the old, “mechanistic” organization and championing the new, “organic” one. In language that eerily anticipated many a dot-com prospectus, they described how innovative firms benefited from “lateral” versus “vertical” information flows, the use of “ad hoc” centers of coordination, and the continuous redefinition of jobs. The “flat” organization was first explicitly celebrated by James C. Worthy, in his study of Sears in the 1940s, and W. B. Given coined the term “bottom-up management” in 1949. And then there was Mary Parker Follett, who in the 1920s attacked “departmentalized” thinking, praised change-oriented and informal structures, and—Rosabeth Moss Kanter fans please take note—advocated the “integrative” organization.
If there was a defining moment in this long and strangely forgetful tradition of “humanist” organization theory—a single case that best explains the meaning of the infinitely repeating whole—it was arguably the work of Professor Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School in the 1920s. Mayo, an Australian, was everything Taylor was not: sophisticated, educated at the finest institutions, a little distant and effete, and perhaps too familiar with Freudian psychoanalysis for his own good.
A researcher named Homer Hibarger had been testing theories about the effect of workplace illumination on worker productivity. His work, not surprisingly, had been sponsored by a maker of electric lightbulbs. While a group of female workers assembled telephone relays and receiver coils, Homer turned the lights up. Productivity went up. Then he turned the lights down. Productivity still went up! Puzzled, Homer tried a new series of interventions. First, he told the “girls” that they would be entitled to two five-minute breaks every day. Productivity went up. Next it was six breaks a day. Productivity went up again. Then he let them leave an hour early every day. Up again. Free lunches and refreshments. Up! Then Homer cut the breaks, reinstated the old workday, and scrapped the free food. But productivity barely dipped at all.
Mayo, who was brought in to make sense of this, was exultant. His theory: the various interventions in workplace routine were as nothing compared with the new interpersonal dynamics generated by the experimental situation itself. “What actually happened,” he wrote, “was that six individuals became a team and the team gave itself wholeheartedly and spontaneously to cooperation … They felt themselves to be participating, freely and without afterthought, and were happy in the knowledge that they were working without coercion.” The lessons Mayo drew from the experiment are in fact indistinguishable from those championed by the gurus of the nineties: vertical hierarchies based on concepts of rationality and control are bad; flat organizations based on freedom, teamwork, and fluid job definitions are good.
On further scrutiny, however, it turned out that two workers who were deemed early on to be “uncooperative” had been replaced with friendlier women. Even more disturbing, these exceptionally cooperative individuals earned significantly higher wages for their participation in the experiment. Later, in response to his critics, Mayo insisted that something so crude as financial incentives could not possibly explain the miracles he witnessed. That didn’t make his method any more “scientific.”
Mayo’s work sheds light on the dark side of the “humanist” tradition in management theory. There is something undeniably creepy about a clipboard-bearing man hovering around a group of factory women, flicking the lights on and off and dishing out candy bars. All of that humanity—as anyone in my old firm could have told you—was just a more subtle form of bureaucratic control. It was a way of harnessing the workers’ sense of identity and well-being to the goals of the organization, an effort to get each worker to participate in an ever more refined form of her own enslavement.
So why is Mayo’s message constantly recycled and presented as something radically new and liberating? Why does every new management theorist seem to want to outdo Chairman Mao in calling for perpetual havoc on the old order? Very simply, because all economic organizations involve at least some degree of power, and power always pisses people off. That is the human condition. At the end of the day, it isn’t a new world order that the management theorists are after; it’s the sensation of the revolutionary moment. They long for that exhilarating instant when they’re fighting the good fight and imagining a future utopia. What happens after the revolution—civil war and Stalinism being good bets—could not be of less concern.
Between them, Taylor and Mayo carved up the world of management theory. According to my scientific sampling, you can save yourself from reading about 99 percent of all the management literature once you master this dialectic between rationalists and humanists. The Taylorite rationalist says: Be efficient! The Mayo-ist humanist replies: Hey, these are people we’re talking about! And the debate goes on. Ultimately, it’s just another installment in the ongoing saga of reason and passion, of the individual and the group.
The tragedy, for those who value their reading time, is that Rousseau and Shakespeare said it all much, much better. In the 5,200 years since the Sumerians first etched their pictograms on clay tablets, come to think of it, human beings have produced an astonishing wealth of creative expression on the topics of reason, passion, and living with other people. In books, poems, plays, music, works of art, and plain old graffiti, they have explored what it means to struggle against adversity, to apply their extraordinary faculty of reason to the world, and to confront the naked truth about what motivates their fellow human animals. These works are every bit as relevant to the dilemmas faced by managers in their quest to make the world a more productive place as any of the management literature.
In the case of my old firm, incidentally, the endgame was civil war. Those who talked loudest about the ideals of the “new” organization, as it turned out, had the least love in their hearts. By a strange twist of fate, I owe the long- evity of my own consulting career to this circumstance. When I first announced my intention to withdraw from the firm in order to pursue my vocation as an unpublishable philosopher at large, my partners let me know that they would gladly regard my investment in the firm as a selfless contribution to their financial well-being. By the time I managed to extricate myself from their loving embrace, nearly three years later, the partnership had for other reasons descended into the kind of Hobbesian war of all against all from which only the lawyers emerge smiling. The firm was temporarily rescued by a dot-com company, but within a year both the savior and the saved collapsed in a richly deserved bankruptcy. Of course, your experience in a “new” organization may be different.
My colleagues usually spoke fondly of their years at business school. Most made great friends there, and quite a few found love. All were certain that their degree was useful in advancing their careers. But what does an M.B.A. do for you that a doctorate in philosophy can’t do better?
The first point to note is that management education confers some benefits that have little to do with either management or education. Like an elaborate tattoo on an aboriginal warrior, an M.B.A. is a way of signaling just how deeply and irrevocably committed you are to a career in management. The degree also provides a tidy hoard of what sociologists call “social capital”—or what the rest of us, notwithstanding the invention of the PalmPilot, call a “Rolodex.”
For companies, M.B.A. programs can be a way to outsource recruiting. Marvin Bower, McKinsey’s managing director from 1950 to 1967, was the first to understand this fact, and he built a legendary company around it. Through careful cultivation of the deans and judicious philanthropy, Bower secured a quasi-monopoly on Baker Scholars (the handful of top students at the Harvard Business School). Bower was not so foolish as to imagine that these scholars were of interest on account of the education they received. Rather, they were valuable because they were among the smartest, most ambitious, and best-connected individuals of their generation. Harvard had done him the favor of scouring the landscape, attracting and screening vast numbers of applicants, further testing those who matriculated, and then serving up the best and the brightest for Bower’s delectation.
Of course, management education does involve the transfer of weighty bodies of technical knowledge that have accumulated since Taylor first put the management-industrial complex in motion—accounting, statistical analysis, decision modeling, and so forth—and these can prove quite useful to students, depending on their career trajectories. But the “value-add” here is far more limited than Mom or Dad tend to think. In most managerial jobs, almost everything you need to know to succeed must be learned on the job; for the rest, you should consider whether it might have been acquired with less time and at less expense.
The best business schools will tell you that management education is mainly about building skills—one of the most important of which is the ability to think (or what the M.B.A.s call “problem solving”). But do they manage to teach such skills?
I once sat through a presentation in which a consultant, a Harvard M.B.A., showed a client, the manager of a large financial institution in a developing country, how the client company’s “competitive advantage” could be analyzed in terms of “the five forces.” He even used a graphic borrowed directly from guru-of-the-moment Michael Porter’s best- selling work on “competitive strategy.” Not for the first time, I was embarrassed to call myself a consultant. As it happens, the client, too, had a Harvard M.B.A. “No,” he said, shaking his head with feigned chagrin. “There are only three forces in this case. And two of them are in the Finance Ministry.”
What they don’t seem to teach you in business school is that “the five forces” and “the seven Cs” and every other generic framework for problem solving are heuristics: they can lead you to solutions, but they cannot make you think. Case studies may provide an effective way to think business problems through, but the point is rather lost if students come away imagining that you can go home once you’ve put all of your eggs into a two-by-two growth-share matrix.
Next to analysis, communication skills must count among the most important for future masters of the universe. To their credit, business schools do stress these skills, and force their students to engage in make-believe presentations to one another. On the whole, however, management education has been less than a boon for those who value free and meaningful speech. M.B.A.s have taken obfuscatory jargon—otherwise known as bullshit—to a level that would have made even the Scholastics blanch. As students of philosophy know, Descartes dismantled the edifice of medieval thought by writing clearly and showing that knowledge, by its nature, is intelligible, not obscure.
Beyond building skills, business training must be about values. As I write this, I know that my M.B.A. friends are squirming in their seats. They’ve all been forced to sit through an “ethics” course, in which they learned to toss around yet more fancy phrases like “the categorical imperative” and discuss borderline criminal behavior, such as what’s a legitimate hotel bill and what’s just plain stealing from the expense account, how to tell the difference between a pat on the shoulder and sexual harassment, and so on. But, as anyone who has studied Aristotle will know, “values” aren’t something you bump into from time to time during the course of a business career. All of business is about values, all of the time. Notwithstanding the ostentatious use of stopwatches, Taylor’s pig iron case was not a description of some aspect of physical reality—how many tons can a worker lift? It was a prescription—how many tons should a worker lift? The real issue at stake in Mayo’s telephone factory was not factual—how can we best establish a sense of teamwork? It was moral—how much of a worker’s sense of identity and well-being does a business have a right to harness for its purposes?
The recognition that management theory is a sadly neglected subdiscipline of philosophy began with an experience of déjà vu. As I plowed through my shelfload of bad management books, I beheld a discipline that consists mainly of unverifiable propositions and cryptic anecdotes, is rarely if ever held accountable, and produces an inordinate number of catastrophically bad writers. It was all too familiar. There are, however, at least two crucial differences between philosophers and their wayward cousins. The first and most important is that philosophers are much better at knowing what they don’t know. The second is money. In a sense, management theory is what happens to philosophers when you pay them too much.
The idea that philosophy is an inherently academic pursuit is a recent and diabolical invention. Epicurus, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Hume, Nietzsche, and most of the other great philosophers of history were not professors of philosophy. If any were to come to life and witness what has happened to their discipline, I think they’d run for the hills. Still, you go to war with the philosophers you have, as they say, not the ones in the hills. And since I’m counting on them to seize the commanding heights of the global economy, let me indulge in some management advice for today’s academic philosophers:
Expand the domain of your analysis! Why so many studies of Wittgenstein and none of Taylor, the man who invented the social class that now rules the world?
Hire people with greater diversity of experience! And no, that does not mean taking someone from the University of Hawaii. You are building a network—a team of like-minded individuals who together can change the world.
Remember the three Cs: Communication, Communication, Communication!Philosophers (other than those who have succumbed to the Heideggerian virus) start with a substantial competitive advantage over the PowerPoint crowd. But that’s no reason to slack off. Remember Plato: it’s all about dialogue!
With this simple three-point program (or was it four?) philosophers will soon reclaim their rightful place as the educators of management. Of course, I will be charging for implementation.
This article available online at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/06/the-management-myth/4883/

Estados brasileiros com menos armas legais têm mais homicídios

Estados brasileiros com menos armas legais têm mais homicídios

Publicada em 13/04/2011 às 07h59m
Guilherme Voitch, O Globo
SÃO PAULO - O massacre na escola Tasso da Silveira, em Realengo, reabriu o debate sobre a venda de armas de fogo no Brasil. Dados da Polícia Federal e do Ministério da Justiça mostram que a relação entre o número de armas legais e o número de assassinatos nos estados não é diretamente proporcional. Juntos, os estados do Acre, Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina e Mato Grosso respondem por 33% das armas registradas na Polícia Federal. No entanto, os cinco estados mais armados do país têm apenas 9% dos homicídios do país, segundo o Mapa da Violência 2011. Os dados referem-se ao ano de 2008, o ano mais recente com as informações de mortalidade disponíveis.
Já nos cinco estados com menor número de armas legais, segundo os registros da Polícia Federal, os números são inversos. Pernambuco, Bahia, Ceará, Sergipe e Maranhão detêm 6% das armas legais e com registros ativos na Polícia Federal, mas respondem por 26% do total de mortes registradas em 2008. A conclusão, segundo especialistas, é que a maioria dos assassinatos no Brasil ocorre com uso de armas de fogo ilegais. O registro e controle das armas de fogo é uma responsabilidade da Polícia Federal desde a implementação do Estatuto do Desarmamento.
O Mapa da Violência, uma publicação do Instituto Sangari e do Ministério da Justiça, mostra também o impacto dos homicídios no total de mortes registradas entre a população jovem, principal vítima da violência. Entre os estados mais armados, segundo o registro de armas legais, o índice de homicídio como causa de morte é sempre inferior à média nacional, de 39,7%. Já em Pernambuco, estado menos armado do Brasil, pelos números oficiais, os assassinatos são responsáveis por 57,7% das mortes registradas entre jovens.
Para o sociólogo Júlio Jacobo Waiselfisz, coordenador do Mapa da Violência, essa relação entre números de armas legais em circulação e número de homicídios não é perceptível nos estados porque não se leva em conta o total de armas ilegais em circulação. As estimativas apontam que existem 7,6 milhões de armas ilegais em todo o país.
De acordo com Jacobo, também é preciso levar em conta as realidades sociais e econômicas de cada estado.
- Estados do Sul como Santa Catarina e Rio Grande têm indicadores bem melhores do que a média nacional. Isso se reflete nos dados de violência.
Veja os dados:
Arte/ O Globo - Fonte Mapa da Violência, Ministério da Justiça e PF